S pace is social, and each society produces its own space—space that is simultaneously mental and physical. Space is always ‘produced’, in the sense that it is always a set of relationships; it is never a ‘given’; never inert or transparent; never in a state of nature untouched by culture. There is no such thing as an ‘empty’ space. You have already filled it...”
— David Wiles, p. 10.
I n electroacoustic music the interrelationship of spatial attributes and spatial schemata is often engaged in a play of perceptual grouping—one that blurs and confounds distinctions like ‘source’ and ‘ensemble’.”T he solo electroacoustic clarinet performance by Cheryl Melfi last night in CharlotteStreet.org’s City Center Square location was excellent. Apart from the beauty of the works, the program illuminated a number of aspects of electroacoustic performance practice—things that are more apparent when it is soloist-plus-electronics, as contrasted with larger-ensemble-plus-electronics.
— Gary Kendall & Mauricio Ardila, p. 125.
- Mark Snyder: ‘Butterfly’
- Richard Johnson: ‘Hiram’ (première)
- Alex Harker: ‘Fluence’
- Daniel Eichenbaum: ‘The Lonely Road’ (première)
- João Pedro Oliveira: ‘Time Spell’
T hese are all works for amplified B-flat clarinet and electronics. By their nature (with the performer positioned center-stage in a multi-loudspeaker array configuration) the works explore the relationship between ‘enacted’ space (a space whose semantics are created through the presence of the clarinettist on stage), the composed space of the “tape” (electronics) part and the bridge between the two created by live processing (typically in Max/MSP or Pd or other software tool). The clarinet part calls for extremes in register and dynamic range, with extremely animated playing. Each of the compositions draws on sonic causal relationships that we perceive as interactive, but which are in reality generated through careful synchronization with the electronics part. In some of the pieces, by using ‘clarinet-triggered’ causal relationships and gestural interplay (notably in the Oliveira piece) as an alternative to continuous realtime processing, the electronic material becomes more strongly linked—spatially and narratively—to the live instrument.
T he unique potential of electroacoustic music to explore spatial relationships and our auditory perceptions and cognition of the body’s spatial situatedness has raised issues about appropriate performance practices for this music. Throughout the course of its evolution, electroacoustic music has invited research into new modes of performance. Spatial details are invariably a consideration in these.
T he unique potential of electroacoustic music to explore timbral relationships and our perceptions is also invariably revealed... so long as the performer is up to the challenge! Clarinettists are today challenged by innovations in both contemporary music and technology. Compositions for clarinet in recent decades have led to performance practices that include new techniques, such as frulato, multiphonics, glissandos, extreme alternate fingerings, reed-jacking, microtonal pitch-bending, key-clicks, lip-buzzing, and vocal sounds such as humming or singing at the same time the instrument is blown. These techniques are increasingly permeating the repertoire of the clarinet, especially so in the case of film scores. They require the clarinettist to constantly extend her/his technique, both blowing and fingering.
N otably, Rehfeldt recommends the amenability of the clarinet to experiments in new music: “Its flexibility allows a wide range of effects, including all manner of multiple sonorities, microtones, tone, trills, air sounds, percussive sounds” (see also Druhun, 2003).
C larinet and electronics mingle and exchange places. The identities/characters of each, though, remain discernable. An explosive staccato articulation is a ‘Bartokian’ act clearly in an instrumental idiom, while longer note values, with long dynamics changes and circular breathing to sustain them, manifest an overtly ‘vocal’, visceral, diaphragmatic aspect. Cheryl negotiates some superhuman clarinet feats—virtuosic technic [extreme technic] with appealing musicality!
M ono samples were used to dramatic effect in several of the works, panning the samples across the Mackie speaker array. This was most notably the case with the sounds of extended releases of breath through the clarinet, which present spectromophologies that ‘accept’ the spatialization attributes of panning across the area of the Mackie monitors. [Smalley emphasizes that “the motion must be implicit in the sound itself, or the texture itself, or the context itself.” Basically, the use of 5.1 spatialization (as opposed to 8-channel or other formats) magnifies the perceived kinetic energy of material. Small gestural fragments are scattered over the 5.1 array to form “cumulative” trajectories of sound, and the listener becomes immersed in dark and abstract soundscapes generated by the clarinet.] By layering materials a rich spatial hierarchy is created: a World, a believable World. At any given moment, certain sounds/motions dominate others, and the hierarchy is in constant flux as materials emerge, develop, and recede. Cool! A World that is impervious to human mastery!
A number of processing techniques are utilized.
- Buffering: This is used to extend textures established by the clarinet into more dynamic and irregular textures, building up a dense sound-world which clearly originates from the clarinettist on stage.
- Delay Lines: Depending on the delay times, these either exaggerate short gestures through rapid and irregular repetition or, alternately, longer delay lines assist in the build-up of textures.
- Freezing: This facilitates harmonic layering based on the clarinet’s note being artificially ‘held’ once it has moved on to another.
- Granulation: This is frequently used to add fluctuating textures to sustained notes, often controlled via amplitude tracking (e.g., a louder sound will have a smaller grain size and greater grain variation).
C heryl Melfi has served as principal clarinetist in the Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra, the Catalina Chamber Orchestra, and the Michigan Pops Orchestra. She is a past member of Quadrivium, the Crosswinds Ensemble, the Arizona-based wind quintet Fünf, and the contemporary music quartet THUD. She has also performed with contemporary music groups including the Contemporary Directions Ensemble, the Prime Directive, and the Nova Chamber Players. With Quadrivium, she was a featured artist at the 2010 Electro-Acoustic Juke Joint and the 2011 Thailand International Composition Festival. Melfi has performed at the 2008 International Clarinet Association’s ClarinetFest where her performance was called “excellent and exotic.” Other festival performances include Electronic Music Midwest and SEAMUS.
- Cheryl Melfi website
- Kansas City Electronic Music & Arts Alliance (KCEMA) website
- João Pedro Oliveira website
- Richard Johnson website
- Alex Harker website
- Mark Snyder website
- Daniel Eichenbaum website
- Timothy Place’s Max/MSP objects
- Timothy Place’s ‘8space’ Max/MSP spatializer plug-in
- Max/MSP Granular Spatializer object at IRCAM
- Max/MSP frequency-domain filter Spectral Spatializer object at IRCAM
- Karlheinz Essl’s RTClib for Max/MSP
- ppooll
- IRCAM tools
- IRCAM Spat and other tools at FluxHome.com
- Batista C. Uma abordagem da música eletroacústica brasileira no final do séc. 20. Monografia de Especialização. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Música. Goiânia, 2001.
- Druhan M. A performer guide to multimedia compositions for clarinet and visuals: A tutorial focusing on Works by Joel Chadabe, Merrill Ellis, William O. Smith, and Reynold Weidenaar. DMA Dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2003.
- Emmerson S. Living Electronic Music. Ashgate, 2007.
- Heaton R. ‘The contemporary clarinet’, in The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet, C. Lawson, ed. Cambridge Univ, 1995.
- Kendall G, Cabrera A. Why things don’t work: What you need to know about spatial audio. Proc International Computer Music Conference (ICMC) 2011;1-4.
- Kendall G, Ardila M. The artistic play of spatial organization: Spatial attributes, scene analysis and auditory spatial schemata. Proc International Computer Music Conf (ICMC) 2007;63-8.
- Gary Kendall page at Queen's Univ Belfast
- Moore A, Schmidt P, Dockwray R. A hermeneutics of spatialization for recorded song. twentieth-century music 2009;6:83-114.
- Rehfeldt P. New Directions for Clarinet. Univ California, 1994.
- Smalley D. Space-form and the acousmatic image. Organised Sound 2007;12:35-58.
- Wiles D. A Short History of Western Performance Space. Cambridge Univ, 2003.
- Young J. Reflections on sound image design in electroacoustic music. Organised Sound 2007;12:25-33.
- Zampronha E. Notação, representação e comunicação. Um novo paradigma da escrituração musical. Fapesp. São Paulo, 2000.
- Zvonar R. A history of spatial music. eContact! 2004;7(4)
