B asically, everything I’ve learned about Art has been from ‘finding my way inside’. [searching and growing through relationships with other artists, with history, and with the Spirit of all humankind].”
— Yo-Yo Ma, Gramophone, 2005.
I f your cello feels like dancing, by all means go! Take it out for a night on the town. Bounce your bow on its strings. Hug it. Cradle its neck tenderly. Praise it in the presence of others, when it can hear you. Fondle its tuning pegs as though they were earlobes, as Yo-Yo Ma did during the superb performance last night in the
Harriman-Jewell Series in Kansas City.
Y our instrument has rights, and you have duties—toward your instrument as well as your co-performers.
Y o-Yo Ma shrugs his shoulders after performing—not after each and every piece, but after many of them—as if he were surprised that the result was so felicitous as it turned out to be, and as if he and the pianist Kathryn Stott were not wholly ‘in-charge’. It is not an ‘apologetic’ shrug, just one of genuine modesty and self-effacement. Gee. Aw, shucks.
I n these collaborations, too, Ma sometimes plays as though he were accompanist to pianist Stott: another aspect of Ma’s well-known modesty, incongruous with his stature and fame.
- Franz Schubert: Sonata in A minor, D. 821
- Dmitri Shostakovich: Sonata in D minor, Op. 40
- Astor Piazzolla: Le Grand Tango
- Egberto Gismonti: Bodas de Prata & Quatro Canto
- Cèsar Franck: Sonata in A Major
M a’s main performance instrument is the 1733 Montagnana called ‘Petunia’. (The instrument was named this by a young girl after she asked Ma whether it had a name and Ma replied that it did not.) Another of Ma’s cellos, the 1712 Davidov Stradivarius, was previously owned by Jacqueline du Pré and by the Vuitton Foundation.
J acqueline du Pré’s unbridled dark qualities went ‘against’ the Davidov [conflicted with the Strad’s personality]. The more you ‘attack’ it, the less it returns.”
— Yo-Yo Ma.
L ate in her life, du Pré confided her frustration with the ‘unpredictability’ of this cello. Ma, however, has opined that the variability and her resulting frustration with the instrument came, not from the instrument, but instead from du Pré’s impassioned and autocratic style of playing. He has been famously quoted as saying that this Strad cannot be ‘dictated-to’ but instead
must be ‘coaxed’ by its player. He speaks of his ‘rehabilitating’ the instrument after he had received it from du Pré—in much the same manner as a physical therapist or a rehab physician or nurse might speak of the journey helping a human patient recover some function that had been lost—after, say, a stroke.
T here is a mysterious relationship between performer and instrument. Since 1983, this cello’s sound has been ‘growing’—growing constantly during the years I have had it—becoming richer, deeper, and fuller. Partly, this can be attributed to now-constant playing that it receives, which causes it now to vibrate more fully than it did when it first came into my possession ... I had to learn not to be seduced by the sheer beauty of the sound in my mind before trying to ‘coax’ it from this cello. Many instruments sound beautiful in an intimate setting but may lose their quality of sound in the vastness of a concert hall. The Stradivarius does not. The integrity of its sound-picture, the warmth, the clarity and overtone structure—these are, I think, maintained through space much like a laser beam.”
— Yo-Yo Ma, Foreword from the book, Antonio Stradivari: The Cremona Exhibition of 1987, by Charles Beare.
If your aging cello develops some kind of ‘Cello Alzheimer’s’, Ma is the kind of gerontologist you would want to look after it—one who could and would bring out the best of its strengths and minimize vulnerability associated with its limitations. He would take it to gatherings where familiar subjects will be discussed by familiar people and not too fast. He would not sedate it or park it, mute, alone in a chair in an atrium.”
I n other words, according to Yo-Yo Ma, your instrument is not ‘instrumental’ in a superficial, ‘ends-justify-the-means’, deterministic, teleological, human-centric, master-slave way. Instead, it has its own spirit: its own personality; its own capacity for belief and intention; its own ‘free will’; its own inalienable dignity and moral standing, in much the way that a pet has these things.
W e often say ‘Take care!’ off-handedly—as routinely or thoughtlessly as a quick ‘Goodbye!’ or some abbreviated, perfunctory expression, devoid of emotion and, really, devoid of attention, except for our attention to habitual protocol.
B ut even then it does convey some sense of connectedness. When said with feeling and forethought, it means something like ‘Take care of yourself, because I care about you.’ I thought about this as I watched Yo-Yo and Kathy on-stage, during the works that they performed after the intermission.
T ake care!’ is something that one can (should!) say to a companion animal—or to a musical instrument; it is not something that must be restricted, to say only to human beings. Yo-Yo Ma’s interaction with his companion instrument—his empathetic attacks with the bow; his jocular brushing of its shoulders; his playful querying of its tuning with the fingers of his left hand; etc.—are gestures of a loved-one/lover toward a belovèd person, not the gestures of a ‘craftsman’ toward a mere ‘tool’. Watching Ma handle and play his belovèd cello, I wonder whether, later in the evening, he will wish it ‘Good night’ and settle it in [its] bed. The cello is a ‘subject’, not an ‘object’. The generosity and dignity that continually flow from Ma make this fantasy entirely plausible.
T he same generosity and moral standing are bestowed upon each composition as well—reflecting the person-like regard in which Ma holds it. Some of the pieces afford more opportunities to detect and assess this; others (esp. Baroque ones) somewhat less. Take, for example, Piazzolla’s ‘Le Grand Tango’, composed in 1981, originally for Mstislav Rostropovich. Ma and Stott animate the strange, tango-ish blend of tenderness and vigorous resolve/conviction that inhere in the score--they do this in a generous way that no one else does.
A nd, in various passages, Ma takes a back-seat and ‘accompanies’ Stott’s piano’s robust expressions—robustness that is implied and authentic, consistent with Piazzolla’s score and the spirit of tango as an intimate-yet-public lovers’ dance—a ‘duet’ of equals. To hear Kathy and Yo-Yo play together is to gain new understandings of the possibilities—and of the depth and breadth of truly ‘collaborative’ musicianship.
A nd when Kathy Stott played ‘Tres minutos con la reálidad,’ people whispered, ‘She must be Argentinian!’ ”
— Horacio Malvecino, liner notes, ‘Soul of the Tango’ CD.
T hrough their playing and their treatment of each other and through their rapport with their companion instruments, we learn something—or are vividly reminded—about being fully human, and about the joys of behaving well, virtuously even, despite challenges and provocations and injustices that we face: an experience far more fulfilling than witnessing admirable technical achievements or finding delight in a [musical] story well-told.
F uturists at MIT and elsewhere talk as though advances in robotics and A.I. and cloud-computing and so on will change our relationships to technical devices and systems in new and unprecedented ways (see links below). I doubt this—at least the ‘new-and-unprecedented’ part. Thoughtful, empathetic musicians like Ma and Stott have, for a long time, been in full-fledged symbiotic ‘relationships’ with their [companion] instruments, and with compositions, and [within limits of ‘partial personhood’ and philosophy of Mind] vice versa. To recognize or appreciate this, you have only to look and listen.
[50-sec clip, Yo-Yo Ma and Kathryn Stott, Astor Piazzolla, ‘Le Grand Tango’, 1.6MB MP3]
I can tell if someone else has touched my Quenoil bass, [even touched it] ‘by accident’. The instrument takes on a ‘different’ energy from my own—a different quality that I can detect and that persists for a considerable time after the other person’s touching it has ended.”
— François Rabbath, in Barry Green: Mastery of Music, p. 129.
- Yo-Yo Ma website
- Kathryn Stott website
- Benford G, Malartre E. Beyond Human: Living with Robots and Cyborgs [and cellos! and pianos!]. Forge, 2008.
- Caicco G, ed. Architecture, Ethics, and the Personhood of Place. UPNE, 2007.
- Danielson P. Artificial Morality: Virtuous Robots for Virtual Games. Routledge, 1992.
- Downey G, Dumit J, et al., eds. Cyborgs & Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies. SAR, 1998.
- Eldridge R. On Moral Personhood: Philosophy, Literature, Criticism, and Self-Understanding. Univ Chicago, 1989.
- Green B. Mastery of Music: Ten Pathways to True Artistry. Broadway, 2005. [see pp. 22ff, on "merging" with your instrument]
- Haraway D. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Routledge, 1990.
- Haraway D. When Species Meet. Univ Minnesota, 2007.
- Haraway D. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Prickly Paradigm, 2003.
- Hayles N. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Univ Chicago, 1999.
- Held V. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, Global. Oxford Univ, 2007.
- Held V. Justice And Care: Essential Readings in Feminist Ethics. Westview, 1995.
- Heuertz J. Yo-Yo Ma shows why he's probably the world's greatest. Kansas City Star, 19-MAR-2010.
- Hughes J, Louw S, Sabat S, eds. Dementia: Mind, Meaning, and the Person. Oxford Univ, 2006.
- Larrabee M, ed. An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Routledge, 1992.
- Levy D. Love and Sex with Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships. Harper, 2008.
- Ma Y-Y, et al. Soul of the Tango: The Music of Astor Piazzolla. (Sony, 2007.)
- Menzel P, d'Alusio F. Robo sapiens: Evolution of a New Species. MIT, 2001.
- Noddings N. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. 2e. Univ California, 2003.
- Slote M. The Ethics of Care and Empathy. Routledge, 2007.
- Smith C. Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. Oxford Univ, 2009.
- Storrs-Hall J. Beyond AI: Creating the Conscience of the Machine. Prometheus, 2007.
- Wallach W, Allen C. Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford Univ, 2008.
- Walters J. What is a Person? An Ethical Exploration. Univ Illinois, 1997.
A prodigy who played for President Kennedy at age 7, Ma is no snob, performing Bach to pop to tangos… If Yo-Yo Ma didn’t exist, no novelist in the world would have dared invent him. The combination of virtues—musical, intellectual, personal—is simply too implausible.”
— Joshua Kosman, Smithsonian Magazine, NOV-2005.
